Organic Chemistry Essays - Chemistry, Organic Chemistry,

Organic Chemistry Organic compounds are covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides. Carbon atoms are unique because of their ability to bond by catenation, which is forming long chains and rings from the covalent binding of an element to itself. Besides bonding with itself, carbon atoms are able to bind to elements with similar electronegativities. Organic compounds consist of carbon and these other elements. Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, composed of only carbon and hydrogen. Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons in which each carbon atom in the molecule forms four single covalent bonds with other atoms. Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds are alkanes. The boiling point for alkanes increases with increasing molecular mass. The carbon-hydrogen bonds of alkanes are nonpolar and the only forces of attraction between nonpolar molecules are weak intermolecular forces. Methane, ethane, propane, and butane are all gases at room temperature. Pentane, octane, and decane are all liquids at room temperature. Heptadecane and eicosane are solids are room temperature. Cycloalkanes are alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring, or cyclic, structure. In fractional distillation, components of a mixture are separated on the basis of boiling point, by condensation of vapor in a fractionating column. The octane rating of a fuel is a measure of its burning efficiency and its antiknock properties. The octane rating scale is based on mixtures of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, isooctane. Pure 2,2,4-trimethypentane is very resistant to knocking and is assigned an octane number of 100. Pure heptane has an octane number of 0 and burns with a lot of knocking. Increasing the percentage of branched-chain alkanes in gasoline is one way to increase octane rating. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons in which not all carbon atoms have four single covalent bonds. Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain double covalent bonds. Alkenes are nonpolar and show trends in properties similar to those of alkanes in boiling points and physical states. -farnesene has 15 carbon atoms and 4 double bonds. It is solid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. It is found in the natural wax covering of apples. Ethene is the hydrocarbon commercially produced in the greatest quantity in the United States. It is used in the synthesis of many plastics and commercially important alcohols. Ethene is also an important plant hormone. Hydrocarbons with triple covalent bonds are alkynes. This triple bond requires that the simplest alkyne has two carbon atoms. Alkynes, as with other hydrocarbons, exhibit the same trends in boiling points and physical state and are nonpolar. The smallest alkyne, ethyne, is a gas. The combustion of ethyne when it is mixed with pure oxygen produces the intense heat of welding torches. The common name of ethyne is acetylene, and these welding torches are commonly called oxyacetylene torches. Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons with six-membered carbon rings and delocalized electrons. Benzene is the primary aromatic hydrocarbon. Benzene rings are chemically very stable, a property that can be explained by the concept of delocalized electrons. Therefore, aromatic hydrocarbons are less reactive than alkenes and alkynes are. Benzene, in the past, was used as a nonpolar solvent because of this stability. However, benzene is both a poison and a carcinogen. It is nonpolar and has limited solubility in water. Another aromatic hydrocarbon, 3,4-benzpyrene, is found in coal tar, tar from cigarette smoke, and soot in heavily polluted urban areas. Shown from studies, this compound is capable of causing cancer. Alcohols are organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups. The general formula for a class of organic compounds consists of the functional group and the letter R, which stands for the rest of the molecule. The general formula for alcohols is R-OH. Formulas for some alcohols and alkanes are listed below Methanol Butane Ethanol Ethane 1-Propanol Propane Alcohols are sometimes used today as alternative fuels and as octane enhancers in fuel for automobiles. Ethanol is combined with gasoline, for example, in a one-to-nine ratio to produce gasohol. All simple alcohols are poisonous to some extent. When ethanol is consumed, it is broken down by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Other simple alcohols are attacked by alcohol dehydrogenase more slowly, making these alcohols more toxic then ethanol. For example, methanol, or wood alcohol, is converted to formaldehyde and formic acid, both of which are toxic. Toxic

Summary of Human Systems

Summary of Human Systems SummaryCirculatory SystemThe circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood and blood vessels known as arteries, capillaries and veins. The heart pumps blood throughout your body through the blood vessels. Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste materials.The heart looks like an upside-down pear. It is about the size of your closed fist. It is almost in the middle of your chest. The heart is made of muscle divided into four parts called chambers. The chambers are hollow inside. The two chambers on top are called atria. The chambers on the bottom are called ventricles. The heart also has four valves that let blood in and out of the chambers.The blood vessels are the arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries are blood vessels that convey blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Two arteries have direct connection with the heart: (1) the aorta, which, with its branches, conveys oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to ev ery part of the body; and (2) the pulmonary artery, which conveys blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, whence it is returned bearing oxygen to the left side of the heart.Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated Blue = deoxyge...The arteries expand and then constrict with each beat of the heart, a rhythmic movement that may be felt as the pulse. Veins, on the other hand, returns blood to the heart from other parts of the body. This false-color electron micrograph shows red blood cells packed into a capillary, the smallest type of blood vessel. Blood flows from the capillaries into veins after oxygen has been exchanged. Lastly, the Capillary forms the connection between the arteries and the veins. These tiny vessels vary in diameter from 0.0127 to about 0.2032 mm (0.0005 to about 0.008 in)...

Personal Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Finance - Essay Example Lastly, the article concludes by not letting our emotions rule our financial decisions. As he puts it, â€Å"We commit those (financial) mistakes for several reasons: ignorance, fear, ego, a desire for immediate gratification.† This article is very crucial in fully understanding the rationale of studying personal finance. Throughout the course of an individual’s life, his decisions, no matter how big or small irrefutably affect his financial status. Being able to know the most common mistakes that he cannot afford to make provides him a guideline on how to maximize his financial resources. Since most of us spend money based on our emotions, it is also important to recognize that financial decisions should always be rational rather than emotionally. Lastly, the article makes a good point in stressing the importance of sacrificing current consumption for future financial benefits. Bertolucci’s Protecting Your PC Needen’t Cost a Bundle is an eye opener by providing practical guidelines on ensuring that each PC is safe from spyware, viruses, and other malware. According to the article, PC protection does not necessarily become a financial burden by investing on a whole software suite. PCs running on Windows and Vista typically require only three lines of defense: a firewall; an antispyware; and antivirus software. A homeowner with only one computer can download a two-way firewall at www.zonealarm.com while free spyware is distributed Windows Defender. Antivirus software is not free but cheap alternatives are Symantec Norton Antivirus which costs $40 or Norton Internet Security which can be purchased for $70. This article is very helpful considering that most of complicacies of data processing are made efficient by PCs. However, a typical consumer often lacks the knowledge of identifying what he really needs to protect his PC and ends up buying software suite which is very costly. It is irrefutable that investing on these high-priced

Online Learning versus Traditional Learning Essay

Online Learning versus Traditional Learning - Essay Example Assessment in some cases is done online whilst in other cases, students go to a place to sit examinations under supervised conditions. Personally, I find out that online learning is convenient. It enables people to learn at any location and at anytime. This convenience is borne out of the fact that all what a person needs is access to the Internet and from there, the person can access all course materials at the convenience of his home or on his laptop anywhere in the world. This is a convenience that is not available to people who study in campuses where they are required to put aside other things and attend lectures to meet the requirements for graduation. Dosckocil (2008) states that online learning is very popular with adults who seek to study. This is because online learning allows older people to balance their career and family commitments with education. This is very convenient and allows people who do not have the opportunity to put aside some important elements of their live s to go back to school to also access education. This can come in handy when one wants to gain some career improvement through the attainment of better qualifications. Personally, before enrolling in this online course, I had a lot of responsibilities and thought it will be difficult for me to balance a traditional learning system. I dreaded the idea of enrolling in a traditional course since that would cause me to put aside a lot of important things in my life to meet the attendance requirements and other enrollment demands that such courses have. This course has allowed me to kill two birds with one stone because I can study and also make time to do important things in my life. Also, online learning gives an individual the opportunity to use sophisticated tools and techniques to support his studies. For instance, online learning courses often give an array of important study resources like online libraries and journals that can add up to the potentials and abilities of the student . Additionally, the use of computers enables an individual to build important skills and potentials like typing and computer usage which are imperative skills for employment in our era today. Traditional Learning Traditional learning on the other hand is far from being extinct. There are numerous reasons that imply that people will continue to patronize the normal brick-and-mortar classroom study for a long time to come. Hall (2007) identifies that some courses like natural sciences, teachers education and psychology are not suitable for online learning. This is because such courses require important skills that can only be studied in an environment where there is a concentration of support services and infrastructure. For instance, a medical student cannot graduate by studying online only. This is because the student needs to be accustomed to a schedule that will require him to go to the laboratory, go for lecturers offered by specialists and access traditional libraries. This ther efore makes it imperative for such students to move to a traditional university campus to get a balanced education. Also, traditional study systems solicit for more commitments and promote important elements of studies which cannot be made available through distance studies. This is because there is some kind of personal rapport that exists between the student of a traditional course which is missing in an online course. Additionally, students in a

Study of recruitment process outsourcing

Study of recruitment process outsourcing Is the process where an employer outsources or transfers all or part of its recruitment activities to expert services of a third party (generally professional consultants). The Recruitment Process Outsourcing Association defines RPO as follows: when a provider acts as a companys internal recruitment function for a portion or all of its jobs. RPO providers manage the entire recruitment/hiring process from job profiling through the  on-boarding  of the new hire, including staff, technology, method and reporting. RPO and other types of occasional recruitment support, contingency and executive search services differ majorly in the  Process. The service provider assumes ownership of the process in RPO, while in other types of staffing services the service provider is only a part of the process controlled by the organization buying their services. History of RPO Temporary, contingency and executive search firms have provided staffing services for many decades, but the concept of an employer outsourcing the management and ownership of part or whole of the recruitment process was first realized during the 1970s in the highly competitive high tech labour market of Silicon Valley. Being hard-pressed to find and hire technical specialists these companies had to pay large fees to specialized external recruiters for staffing their projects. In order to reduce the growing expenses of recruitment fees these companies began examining the various stages in the recruitment process that could be outsourced. The initial RPO programs typically consisted of purchasing lists of potential candidates from RPO vendors. Over the years, the concept of outsourcing was accepted by businesses more and more. RPO too gained favour among Human Resource management. RPO reduced overhead costs from their budgets and also helped improve the companys competitive advantage in the labour market. With labour markets becoming more and more competitive, RPO became more of an acceptable option. In the early 2000s more companies began considering the outsourcing of recruitment for major portions of their recruiting need. The fundamental changes in the World labour market have reinforced the use of RPO. The labour market today is highly dynamic: workers are changing employers more often than in the previous generations. De-regulation of labour markets has created a shift towards contract and part-time labour and shorter work tenures. These trends have increased the recruitment activity and encouraged the use of RPO. Even in slower economic times or higher unemployment, RPO is considered by companies to assist in an increasing need to screen through a larger pool of candidates Benefits Recruitment  is seen as a cost incurring process in an organization.  RPO  has helped the HR professionals of an organisation to concentrate on the strategic functions and processes of human resource management instead of wasting their efforts, time and money on the routine work. Outsourcing of the  recruitment process helps cut the recruitment costs to around 20 % and provides economies of scale to a large sized organization. Outsourcing  has become beneficial for both the corporate organisations that use outsourcing services as well as the consultancies that provide the service. Apart from increasing their revenues,  outsourcing Process  also provides business opportunities to the service providers, enhances the skill set of the service providers and exposure to different corporate experiences thereby increasing their expertise. Time/Speed: Hiring of a recruitment company to do the recruitment process for a new project saves precious time. The recruitment agency already has the database of prospects classified according to their skills, knowledge and experience. Once the requirements are provided by the organisation and the service provider provides the organisation with a list of candidates that would be ready to be interviewed. Money/Costs: In traditional recruitment process the HR professionals have to stop their current work and concentrate on the recruitment process. This is a problem for the small and middle sized companies, the big corporations have their own recruitment departments. By outsourcing the whole of the recruitment process these companies save costs incurred in the recruitment process. The HR professionals can focus on their current work without worrying about recruitment process. These days even the big companies are outsourcing their recruitment processes to reduce costs. Quality: It is considered that the recruitment needs of a company are better realised by the owner or someone working for it. But while recruiting new personnel for a specific job or project this can be very challenging. Specialised recruitment agencies have an extensive database of resumes and the networking to source the right type of candidate. Risks Though RPO has benefits, it has its own sets of limitations/risks. RPO will be successful in the context of a well-defined corporate and staffing strategy. A company must manage its RPO activities, providing initial direction and continued monitoring to get the desired results. Loose Definition of RPO: As RPO is a commercial concept rather than a specific definition, there is little regulation to RPO providers. As such, a recruitment agency can brand their services as RPO without actually structuring them in a way that will provide the most benefit to their clients. Cost: Though RPO engagement is considered as cost saving method, the  cost  of engaging an RPO provider can be more than the cost of the internal recruitment department, as an RPO provider is likely to have higher  business overheads. Effectiveness: If an RPO provider does not understand or seek to understand the recruitment solution that they will be providing, it will lead to an improperly implemented RPO. This would reduce the effectiveness of recruitment. Failure to Deliver: When finding candidates in industry sectors where there are staff shortages, RPO service providers may fail to provide the quality or volume of staff required by their clients. Pre-Existing Issues: If the companys existing recruitment processes are not effective or if the service provider lacks appropriate recruitment processes/procedures to work with the client the RPO solution may not work. In such a situation, it is better for the company to undergo a recruitment  optimisation programme. Engagement: Many RPO organisations perform their staffing functions and service  offsite  or  offshore. This disconnects the provider from the client companys growth and recruiting strategy. Though this effect can be mitigated by strong relationship management, some of the momentum and energy associated with the rapid up scaling of a workforce through recruitment may dissipate. Social Media/Networking in Recruitment Social media recruitment is the next big thing on the cards. A lot of companies have started using Web 2.0 application for recruitment purposes. Web 2.0 is the second generation Internet-based services which is different from the first generation static Web sites with little interaction. Popular Web 2.0 applications include the social media/networking sites (Facebook, Twitter, Orkut, LinkedIn, MySpace), blogs, podcasts (Podcast Alley, iTunes), video sharing sites (YouTube, FlickR), mobile apps, etc. Today LinkedIn and Facebook has become a powerful tool in recruitment. LinkedIn is a social networking website meant specifically for networking amongst working professionals. Social media recruitment widens reach and helps segmentation, targeting and positioning of potential jobseekers. They also increase the accuracy of profile searches.  Instead of simply recruiting the person with the best-looking CV, social media can ensure that that person is also the best fit for the company. Companies like Accenture, Cognizant, Mindtree, HP-Mphasis and Wipro are planning to hire workers from social networking sites such as LinkedIn. Linkedln is becoming a hot spot  for Companies looking out to hire workers. Recruitment done through the social networking site Linkedln comes with references and are cost effective as they are free. Companies go through the relevant profiles, and can take a look at the recommendations provided by acquaintances of potential candidates before hiring workers. Mphasis used Facebook along with LinkedIn to recruit new workers by creating a page on Facebook. Benefits Recruitment through Social media/networking websites has its own benefits which are not available in other methods of recruitment. Higher accuracy: As social media/networking websites have no physical boundaries job candidates can be searched geographically and found with higher accuracy than before, narrowing the number of candidates and adding to recruiting effectiveness. Fast: As more and more people today use these websites, the available jobs can get filled quicker, lowering vacancy rates because of social medias high usage rate and immediate response time. This helps in a companys ability to attract talent versus competitors. Cost: Social media recruitment has a low cost with high ROI. In most of the cases it is almost free as most websites are free to register and use. Attracting fresh talent: A large number of social media users are college students, and they are fresh talent for entry level positions. Using social media an organization can easily attract this talent pool. Brand visibility: Using social media/networking for recruitment Increases the employers brand visibility online and establishes a leading-edge image for the brand. Risks Social media/networking offers benefits vis-a-vis other methods of recruitment, but it also has its own share of risks. Effectiveness yet to be proven: While social networks are undoubtedly here to stay, whether they become a more central part to the hiring process or not is yet to proved. The amount of recruitment done through this mode is still very low as it is in initial stages. Demographics of representation: Social media as the labour pool does not fully represent the demographics of the general public. There could be more race and age claims over the coming years due to sourcing through social networking sites. Discrimination: There could be discrimination in recruitment due to a persons country of origin, religious preference, disability, age or sexual orientation etc. Lack of clear recruitment standards and process: Recruitment through social media does not involve clear standards of recruitment. Hence any rejections based on softer criteria can lead to discrimination lawsuits being filed by the rejected candidates.

How to Find and Buy Quality Websites :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

How to Find and Buy Quality Websites Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com Most buyers don’t realize that very few of all website buyers are successful in buying a quality website. VotanWeb receives email form website buyers daily and the frustrations I hear from them are usually pretty much the same. Buyers need to know how the game works when buying a website. It is a lot like finding that great job – it takes a lot of work and patience. Most website buyers are unprepared, unrealistic, and think they will easily find that perfect website. If you are thinking of buying a website, you need to carefully read and follow the points below to be successful. To successfully buy a website you need to: 1. Have a one page â€Å"Acquisition Criteria/Resume† ready at all times - this info consists of the types of websites you are looking to purchase, what amount you have are willing to invest, how much adjusted net income you expect from the website you are buying i.e. return etc. Make sure you have your name, address, all phone numbers to be contacted at, email address, and fax number. 2. You need to understand as a buyer that most websites listed for sale have little or no value – you need to know this when you go searching. Searching for a website to buy is not like looking for a house to purchase. Houses may be overpriced, but most houses listed for sale have some inherent value. Most websites offered for sale have no value at all. 3. Take confidentiality agreements seriously. If you are going in with someone else to buy a website (like a partner) make sure you both sign and get it back to the owner immediately – don’t expect much information about the website without signing one. Keep all info about websites you look at confidential – you break the agreement and you will never have access to any other confidential information about any website on the internet. Of course, there are also legal ramifications in many instances. 4. Never ever tell a website owner these things: â€Å"Don’t worry I have plenty of money to buy a website – it’s none of your business†, â€Å"I’m looking at all websites for sale – I am not picky† – when website owners hear these comments and other nonsense from buyers they know you’re not a professional and they will usually pass on you.

Chapter 12 Discussion Questions

Chapter 12 Discussion Questions 1-5 Dan Yohe 1. Approximatley how far ahead would one need to plan for the following types of facilities? A. Restaurant-At least one to three nights in advance. You could go to the farmers market to get fresh vegetables but you may only be able to get staples/necessities once or twice a week. B. Hospital-I would say at least a week if not a month to be enough to take care of all the patients they might get. C. Oil refinery-An oil refinery I would have to say would need to plan for a weekly possibly monthly schedule. D. Toy factory-I would say a daily maybe weekly schedule to keep up with deamand.E. Public school-I would say based on what I have heard while I was in school that they would have to plan for a monthly schedule. F. Electric power plant-Daily would be my guess to provide power at all times, as well as monthly to bill customers for their services. G. Private school-I would think that they do the same thing that a public school would do most l ikely a monthly schedule. 2. What problems are created by simultaneously considering the capacity questions of how much, how large, where, when, and what type? The facilities decisions are exceedingly complex and extremely difficult to analyze.When these problems are lumped together simultaneously it creates very complex forecasting problems and errors trying to break down data. 3. A school district has forecast student enrollment for several years into the future and predicts excess capacity for 2000 students. The school board says that the only alternative is to close the school. Evaluate. The school board in this scenario is being rash. I think that the school could be opened and run at capacity. They could add on to the school and rent mobile trailers to teach kids in while the additions are being completed.There is a way that this could be dealt with in a way that everyone wins. Closing the school is a worst case scenario and could devastate a community and ruin kid’s ch ances at a shot at a good education. 4. Why are facilities decisions often made by top management? What is the role in these decisions of operations, marketing, finance, accounting, engineering, and human resources. They are made by top management because they have all the information and follow all of the trends of the latest business decisions. The top management people have all of the marketing department information, finances of the company.Accounting sends all the vital information needed to influence specific decisions that management might make. Engineering and human resources do the job that top management assigns them to do. Human resources hires and enforces rules. Engineering does all the assignments that top management assigns them. 5. In what ways does corporate strategy affect capacity decisions? Corporate strategy affects capacity decisions by devising plans to make decisions by coming up with goals to meet budgetary and profitary requirements. Based on all of the inf ormation they can come up with they apply it all and come up with a way to market their product.