C F Braun Description of Ammonia Synthesis essays

C F Braun Description of Ammonia Synthesis essays There are several processes to produce ammonia synthesis gas. The C F Braun (now may be referenced as Kellogg) process is one of the most current and acceptable processes due to the fact that the natural gas feed is less expensive than hydrogen generated from coke and water. This process has several stages of reaction and catalytic conversion that make it more presentable to industry, which are discussed in further detail. For the present time, the steam/air reforming concepts based on natural gas and other light hydrocarbons are considered to be the dominating group for ammonia synthesis. The first stage of the process is a preliminary purification section, where impurities, primarily sulfur compounds, are removed from the gas stream. The desulfurization vessel contains a catalyst that hydrogenates organic sulfur to H2S, R-SH + H2 > H2 S + RH which is then absorbed. The purpose of removing the sulfur is to increase the life span of the instruments down stream that may be sensitive to this particular compound. The gas, along with steam, is then fed into the primary reformer. This is the only place within the process where an endothermic reaction takes place. The main steam reforming reactions are: The reforming is furnaced by fuel, and escapes from the top as the flue gas. This flue gas is further used to heat the convection section of the compressor system. Due to lower temperatures within the primary reactor, low conversion is accomplished. Therefore, the gas stream is sent to a secondary reformer where at higher exothermic temperatures a higher conversion is accomplished. Process air is introduced to help provide the elevated temperatures necessary along with the stoichiometric amounts of N2 needed in the synthetic gas stream. The gas stream exiting the reforming section contains too much carbon monoxide (CO), and is ...

HealthLite essays

HealthLite essays People have been eating yogurt for at least 4000 years; however, the origin of yogurt is unknown. Today yogurt is part of the dairy food group as illustrated in the food guide pyramid. It is suggested that people have 2-3 servings of dairy products daily. One serving of yogurt represents one serving of the dairy food group. Today the governments Food and Drug Administration regulates the standards for labeling and identification of yogurts. According to the FDA website, the FDA has not modified the yogurt or cultured milk standards since they were finalized in 1996. Since 1996, food processing and food ingredient technology has changed dramatically. Manufacturers, among other things, have developed food processing technology that can extend the shelf life of products. Additionally, manufacturers have developed new food substances that can be safely added to food that grant health benefits beyond those associated with the nutritive value of the food product. The FDA website goes on to say that the FDAs food standards have not changed or evolved at a rate that allows for consumers to realize the economic and public health benefits of such technological change. Yogurt is a healthy food that is an excellent source of calcium. Yogurts contain a significant quantity of live and active cultures. When you walk into the supermarket there is a whole section with a large number of different brands and types available. The yogurt industry also offers low fat and non fat yogurt. Even though there are so many different types of yogurt they are all made of basically the same ingredients which are milk and starter cultures. There is more to the yogurt industry than dairy farms and packaging the product. Depending on how the product is created it may only have a shelf life of a few days. The key is to get shelf space at the supermarket or other retailer and make sure that there is a steady supply of fres...

Health Law and policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Law and policy - Essay Example Moreover, ever health care provide is as well subjected to adhere to the stipulations stated therein. According to the provision, where a consumer has no knowledge of these rights, the Act directs the care providers to inform the consumers of their rights and besides, allow the consumers to exercise their rights while receiving treatment from them. The approach put forth in this act is to induce ethics in the health care industry. Divergences in the definition of ethics have raised issues as the term is subject to debate. The HDC Act provides a lucid direction based on the same by giving the ethical issues to be observed by the health care providers while providing such services to their consumers. Laverack, (2005) defines ethic as a set of laws and rules guiding the conducts people or professionals in a given field while executing their duties in line with their profession. Psychiatric nurses deal with psychologically vulnerable individuals who are in most occasions not able to make sound judgments concerning the various issues affecting their lives. Precautionary measures, therefore, must be taken to avoid the manipulation and abuse of such consumers. HDC Act provides exactly this intervention mechanism to health care consumers. The act has a set of ten regulations stating the rights of all consumers seeking health care attention from various providers in New Zealand. The Act accords the following rights to consumers which are subject to adherence by the care providers, these are: the right to be treated with respect, fairly, without pressure or discrimination, the right to dignity and independence, right to access for relevant information and to receive a quality service and to be treated with care and skill. The other rights accorded to the consumers by the HDC Act are the right to making independent decision about care services received, and to change mind whenever desired and the

Critical Analysis of Primary Sources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Analysis of Primary Sources - Essay Example The High Imperial Commissioner is almost envious of the fact that, England is always on the verge of development from its history to present. Major arguments of Zexu’s letter to the Queen of England However, the High Imperial Commissioner is not happy with the fact that, it is through trade that opium has penetrated to China, and affected a great percentage of its populace. In fact, Zexu (pp.3) complains that England is much more concerned with profits and not the harm that results from the sale of such harmful products. Worse still, the emperor did not stop at considering the woes by the Chancellor but was quick to brush him away. The High Imperial Commissioner of China complains that his country has dedicated a lot of energy to alienating use of opium in their country. In the letter to the Queen, Zexu (pp.4) complains that it is not fair that the country prohibits opium use in their country but is of interest to sell the same drug to other countries, China inclusive of them. The fact that England is well conversant with the harms of opium makes it extremely difficult for the Chancellor to comprehend. In his argument, it would be interpreted that the Chancellor would want England to reciprocate the efforts made by China to export useful goods to humankind. All the exports have been indicated to be of use to the country, unlike what England has been exporting. This, Zexu (pp.4), quotes to be inclusive of agricultural produce, Chinaware, amongst others. The fact that, England uses the imports from China to make as much as possible, results to the Chancellor’s need to ban their exports to England, as well as ban the markets for sale of Opium in the country. From an analysis of the major arguments portrayed by the Chancellor of China, it is valid to argue that that British government is out to manipulate other purposes of benefit to their own country in terms of acquisition of profits from ‘unfair’ commerce. Opium war is yet to undergo n umerous processes prior to complete abolition since it is only cultivated in suburbs that not only need to survive, but are not concerned with how much impact opium has on human life (Zexu, pp.5). The queen must take to her concern the ban on opium through complete uprooting these plants in all areas that are seen to flourish the business. Palmerston’s letter to the Chinese Ministers- Major arguments In his dispatch, British State Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Palmerston (pp.7) aims at responding to the China’s emperor complains on the pains inflicted on China by Britain. In the message, he aims at portraying the idea that the British government has already made a move to react on the case by sending a troop to apologize on behalf of the disturbing comments made by some of the British officials in the course of duty in the area. This move can arguably been indicated to improve the relations between China and Britain. This majored on the need by the British government t o maintain the good relationship that the two countries have enjoyed for a long period of time. The Chinese government had no issues on the Britons living in the country, but it dawned on the Chinese government that the Britons were taking advantage of the good will by the Chinese, through taking part in trade, and then shift the profits to its own country. With no treaty

Outline and Evaluate Research Essay Example for Free

Outline and Evaluate Research Essay Many eyewitnesses are called to testify because they have witnessed a crime, accident or incident. The anxiety if this may cause an affect on the reliability of their EWT. There are two main issues in this question: firstly the prediction of the Yerkes Dodson Law that as arousal increases, then so does performance weather spotting, stage performance, or memory encoding, up to an individual optimum level. However, after this optimum level it is suggested that the performance of the individual will decline, this could be triggered by terror. This theory was supported by Deffenbacher et al’s research. The second issue is the â€Å"weapons focus effect†; In Easterbrook’s research he predicted that attention will narrow to the source of the threat e.g the knife the man is holding therefore peripheral detail is lost e.g the details of the perpertrator’s face. This was supported by Loftus’s laboratory studies in an artificial environment using film and slides, using independent groups design, where a control conditions showed the participants a similar scene without weapons. In the first group they had a scene which they believed to be a real life violent crime involving a weapon, results showed that the participants remembered the knife in great detail but no other features, such as the perpetrator’s face clothing etc. However the participants in the control conditions witnessed the same person but only in a peaceful situation and the participants were able to recognise the man when given 50 photos. When we examine real life eye witness testimony recall however, there is excellent recall of detail, and the weapons-focus effect was not supported. Yullie and Cutshall (1986) conducted a natural experiment on 13 out of 21 bystanders who had witnessed a violent shooting 4-5 months previously. There recall was detailed and accurate and they were resistant to leading questions months after the event. Therefore, this suggest that bystanders had reached the optimum level ( Yerkes Dodson Law) when they they witnessed the death of the robber who had previously wounded the owner in Vancouver gun shop before the owner killed him. Weapon focus did not influence witness recall. Therefore we need to examine witnesses to the violent crime who faced a weapon rather than a bystander to confirm the effect of weapon focus shown by Loftus. The natural experiment conducted by Christanson and Hubinette (1993) in Sweden re-interviewed 58 witnesses (customers and bank tellers) to bank robberies that occurred around Stockholm in one year. Those witnesses who faced the weapon (bank  tellers) they had better recall and accuracy of the event after a period of time rather than the bystanders. Optimum arousal is suggested but weapon focus is challenged. The ecological validity of this evidence is high although the participants cannot be randomly assigned to the experiment and there is no control condition as there would be in a laboratory experiment. However, Laboratory experiments lack the intense arousal of a real crime so the supposed weapons effect may be the effect of distinct and unexpected events distracting participants to the unusual element in the familiar. A strong point of Loftus’s field experiment and supports the weapon focus effect; is that it has ecological validity and comparison to the control condition provide strong support. A criticism is the inability of researchers fro randomly allocate participants in this study to experimental and control conditions to control individual differences.

Financial Performance Benchmarking in the Electricity Distribution Indu

A Review of Research Literature Results on Financial Performance Benchmarking in the Electricity Distribution Industry Introduction Since the late 1980s, there has been significant regulatory reform in the electricity transmission and distribution industries in many countries. Under traditional cost-of-service rate regulation, companies recover their costs under a regulated rate of return, which may provide little incentive to minimize costs. Alternatively, incentive or performance based regimes are designed to incent productive efficiency by compensating the company for achieving costs savings. Joskow [1] and Joskow and Schlalensee [2] discuss a number of economic regulatory models have been proposed in the literature. According to Jamasb and Pollitt [3], incentive regulation usually involves some form of benchmarking or comparison of actual versus some reference level of performance. We will review the literature results on benchmarking methods for electricity distributors. Jamasb and Pollitt [3] published the results of an international survey on the use of benchmarking in incentive regulation of electricity transmission and distribution utilities. Farsi et al. [4] provide a summary of benchmarking methods used in regulation in several countries. Both of these survey papers cite Corrected Ordinary Least Squares (COLS), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) as methods commonly employed in electricity distribution benchmarking. After briefly describing several models of incentive regulation, we compare the literature results presented in each survey paper ( [3], [4] ) with respect to the techniques mentioned above (COLS, DEA, and SFA). We then present addition results from the literature on th... ...-specific efficiency levels in parametric, semi-parametric and non-parametric settings. Sickles, R. 2005, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 126, pp. 305-334. 30. Estimation of technical inefficiiency in panel data models with firm and time specific effects. Kumbhakar, S.C. 1991, Economics Letters, Vol. 36, pp. 43-48. 31. Panel estimates of a two tiered earnings frontier. Polachek, S. and Yoon, B. 1996, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 11, pp. 169-178. 32. Reconsidering heterogeneity in panel data estimators of the stochastic frontier model. Greene, W.H. 2005, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 126, pp. 269-303. 33. Kuosmanen, T. Stochastic semi-nonparametric efficiency analysis of electricity distribution networks: application of the StoNED method in the Finnish regulatory model. Aalto University School of Economics. s.l. : Social Science Research Network, 2011.

Langston Hughes Impact on an Era Essay

Langston Hughes contributed a tremendous influence on black culture throughout the United States during the era known as the Harlem Renaissance. He is usually considered to be one of the most prolific and most-recognized black poets of the Harlem Renaissance. He broke through barriers that very few black artists had done before this period. Hughes was presented with a great opportunity with the rise black art during the 1920’s and by his creative style of poetry, which used black culture as its basis and still appealed to all ethnicities. Until the Harlem Renaissance, poetry and literature were dominated by white people and were all about white culture. However, during the 1920’s, there was an explosion of black literature and, art poured from black artists and activists who represented black pride and individuality from the white dominance (â€Å"The Harlem Renaissance, Washington†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Online). This movement was sparked in the lower and upper Manhattan sections of New York City. Originally known as the New Negro Movement, it later became known as the Harlem Renaissance due to where it was birthed and seemed to be the area that it burned the most intense. One of the reasons why there was a rise in black culture in the Harlem area is due to the great migration of blacks to Northern cities during the early 1920’s. Racial discrimination, segregation, and interracial tension were also contributing factors to the Harlem Renaissance. Blacks were tired of being part of white America and wanted to break free and express not only black pride but, black culture as well. Langston Hughes emerged as one of the front men of the black movement of expression and art through the use of his poetic writing (â€Å"Harlem Renaissance† Online). Hughes wrote novels, plays, short stories, essays, and children’s books but, he focused most of his attention on poems. Most of Hughes better-known poems were written at the height of the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri, where he was raised primarily by his mother (Howes and Slovey 56). In 1921 Hughes enrolled at Columbia University in New York City. While in New York, Hughes became more intrigued with the rise of black culture in Harlem as opposed to his schoolwork. During the course of the next few years Hughes would make a name for himself with some of his famous  works such as the poem â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† and his book The Weary Blues (Howes and Slovey 58). However, he first gained recognition from some of his poems that were put in an anthology called The New Negro. He gained praise from not only blacks but, also from white supporters of the Harlem Renaissance (Strickland 31). He had made his way into the mainstream of great p oets and was making an impact for not only himself but for the black community with his creative poetic style (Wagner 386). How could one black man stand above all the other emerging black artists as much as Langston Hughes did? Hughes wanted to speak for the black community which he was so immersed in. He wanted to do it in a way though that the readers, especially blacks, were able to relate on a personal level to his poems. He did this by use modern forms such as free verse where he did not have to follow a pattern or use rhymes. He sought to make his poetry easy to understand but at the same time portray black culture with both realism and dignity (Howes and Slovey 59). He also wrote in black dialect and used black culture such as jazz to present his poems. He would not only use the freedom in his poems like jazz did but, he would also write to the rhythm and beat of jazz music which made it flow with a different style. He spoke of both the low times and the good times of the black community (Strickland 32). The style, the simplicity, and the culture that was presented in Hughes poems are what made him shine above other black artists. This is how one man went off on his own path and affected black literature as much as he did. Hughes affected the world of poetry during an era that was enriched with the rise black culture by using his own creative style. He drew not just the black communities praise but, the dominating white cultures as well. He has proven by his success to be one of the greatest influences during the Harlem Renaissance. He made a path for both the black community in general and the world of poetry on the whole. Works Cited â€Å"Harlem Renaissance.† MSN Encarta. 3 November 2004 . Howes, Kelly, and Christine Slovey, eds. Harlem Renaissance. San Francisco: Gale Group, 2001. Kovacs, Joe. â€Å"The Harlem Renaissance, Washington, DC and the Rise of Langston Hughes.† Literary Traveler. 3 November 2004 . Strickland, Michael. African-American Poets. Berkeley Heights: Enslow Publishers, 1996. Wagner, Jean. Black Poets of the United States from Paul Laurence Dunbar to Langston Hughes. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1973.